ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Spirituality: A Way to Realise Sustainable Tourism
When deliberating on the spiritual dimension of tourism, one key question is that how individuals are seeking for their life meaning and experiences of divine existence, as well as their connectedness as subjectively lived during their travel. In fact, tourism is closely connected to religion which has always been a powerful travel motivation from the time of early pilgrimages to contemporary journeys to sacred places. Religious sites, rituals, festivals and ceremonies are considered important attractions for both religious followers with special systems of belief and tourists with a casual interest. Perhaps, this characteristic of the tourism experience is the main reason for spiritual tourism experiences being recently popular among individuals who have started engaging in spiritualitydriven experiences and among persons aiming to develop their continuing sublime engagement by means of travel. There are various reasons for travelling for spiritual growth which is opposed to the traditional notions of pilgrimage and religious tourism. However, relatively few scholars have explored the multitudinous relationships between religion, spirituality, and sustainable tourism, despite the pervasiveness of religious tourism and spiritual connections to place. A subject that has received only scant attention in the literature is the negative social and ecological impacts of religious (mass) tourism. Several authors have noted the negative impacts of religious tourism on the commercialization of places and artifacts that were once held as sacred locations. The commodification of religious symbols and the economic implications of selling them should become of increased interest to researchers as the world becomes more consumption-oriented.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_84362_8e11ecf1db6ebea5bfa178eae2c861c9.pdf
2019-03-01
9
18
10.22133/ijts.2019.84362
Spirituality
alternative tourism
Sustainable Tourism
AHMAD PUAD
MAT SOM
puadusm@gmail.com
1
FACULTY OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA.
AUTHOR
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Britton S. (1991). Tourism, capital and place: Towards a critical geography of tourism, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9(4): 451-478. Butler R.W. (1991). Tourism, environment and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation, 18(3), 201-209. Butler R.W. (1993). Tourism – an Evolutionary Perspective. In: J.G. Nelson, R.W. Butler and G. Wall (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing. Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, 29-43. Butler R.W. (1996). Problems and Possibilities of Sustainable Tourism: the case of Shetland Islands. In: L. Briguglio, R.W. Butler, D. Harrison and W.L. Filho (eds) Sustainable Tourism in Islands & Small States: Case Studies. New York: Pinter. Buzinde, C., Kalavar, J. M., Kohli, N., & Manuel-Navarrete, D. (2014). Emic understandings of Kumbh Mela pilgrimage experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.001. Clarke J. (1997). A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5 (3), 224-33. Din K. (1989). Islam and tourism: patterns, issues, and options. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(4), 542–563. Farrell B.H. and McLellan R.W. (1987). Tourism and physical environment research. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(1), 1-16. Fleischer A. (2000). The tourist behind the pilgrim in the Holy Land. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3): 311–326. Getz D. (1986). Models in tourism planning towards integration of theory and practice. Tourism Management, 7 (1), 21-32. GLOBE ‘90 (1990). An Action Strategy for Sustainable Development. Tourism Stream, Action Strategy Committee, GLOBE ’90. Vancouver, British Columbia. Gunn C.A. (1987). Environmental designs and land use. In: J.R.B. Ritchie and C.R. Goeldner (eds) Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research: A Handbook for Managers and Researchers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 229-47. Gunn C.A. (1988). Tourism Planning. Second Edition. London: Taylor and Francis. Hattab K. and Katz Y. (2001). The attraction of Palestine: Tourism in the years 1850-1948. Journal of Historical Geography, 27(2), 166–177. Honey M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press. Honey M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, Second Edition: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press. Howe A.C. (2001). Queer pilgrimage: The San Francisco homeland and identity tourism. Cultural Anthropology, 16(1): 35–61. Inskeep E. (1987). Environmental planning for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 14 (1), 118-35. Inskeep E. (1988). Tourism planning: an emerging specialisation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 54 (3), 360-72. lsolami B.M., Embi M.R., Enegbuma W.I., 2017, The influence of sustainable physical factors on haji crowd perception among internal pilgrim group in mina, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, 409-414, DOI:10.3303/CET1756069.
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Jackowski A. and Smith V. (1992). Polish pilgrim-tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1), 92–106. Jafari J. (1989). An English language literature review. In: J. Bystrzanowski (ed.) Tourism as Factor of Change: A Sociocultural Study. Vienna: Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences, 17-60. Johnston B.R. and Edwards T. (1994). The commodification of mountaineering. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 459-478. Kasim, Azilah (2016). The spirituality of green travel and tourism. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality. 1(1). 116-124. MacCannell D. (1992). Empty meeting grounds: the tourist papers. London: Routledge. MacLellan R. (1997). The Effectiveness of Sustainable Tourism Policies in Scotland. In: M.J. Stabler (ed.) Tourism & Sustainability: Principles to Practice. Oxon: CAB International, 305-322. Mathieson A. and Wall G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Harlow, UK: Longman Scientific and Technical. Murphy P.E. (1985). Tourism: A Community Approach. London: Routledge. Nolan M.L. and Nolan S. (1992). Religious sites as tourism attractions in Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1), 68–78. Pearce D.G. (1989). Tourist Development. Second Edition. London: Longman. Pigram J.J. (1990). Sustainable tourism – policy considerations. Journal of Tourism Studies, 1, 2-9. Poria Y., Butler R. and Airey D. (2003). Tourism, religion and religiosity: a holy mess. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(4): 340–363. Rinschede G. (1992). Forms of religious tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1): 51–67. Ramli, M., Byrd, H. (2012). Towards a Sustainable Built Environment in Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Romeril M. (1989a) Tourism and the environment – accord or discord? Tourism Management, 10 (3), 204-8. Romeril M. (1989b) Tourism – the environmental dimension. In: C.P. Cooper (ed.) Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 1. London: Belhaven, 103-13. Schmidt C.J. (1980). Tourism: Sacred sites, secular seers. Unpublished academic exercise. State University of New York. Schneider I. and Sonmez S. (1999). Exploring the touristic image of Jordan. Tourism Management, 20(4), 539–542. Sharpley R. and Sundaram P. (2005). Tourism: A sacred journey? The case of Ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 161–171. UNWTO (2013). International Conference: Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh City, Viet Nam, 21 - 22 November 2013. Vukonic B. (1992). Medjugorje’s religion and tourism connection. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1), 79–91. Vukonic B. (1996). Tourism and religion. New York: Pergamon.
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Weaver D.B. (1998). Ecotourism in the Less Developed World. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International. Weidenfeld A. (2006). Religious needs in the hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6(2): 143–159. Weidenfeld A. and Ron A. (2008). Religious needs in the tourism industry. Anatolia: International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2): 18–22. Wheeller B. (1992). Eco or ego-tourism? New wave tourism – a short critique. Insights, English Tourist Board, May, 41-44. Wheeller B. (1995). Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment – a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? In: A.V. Seaton (ed.) Tourism: The State of the Art. Brisbane: John Wiley and Sons, 647-654.
4
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Future Study of Spiritual Tourism based on Cross Impact Matrix and Soft Systems Methodology
The main purpose of this study is identifying influential factors on the future of spiritual tourism and formulation of plausible scenario for it. From philosophical point of view, this paper is pragmatic, exploratory from target’s point of view and it’s practical. It’s a survey research in collecting data and its methodology is mixed. In this study, by studying the literature and interviewing with experts, the factors influencing the future of spiritual tourism were identified and then, using the Cross Impact analysis approach, the data was entered into the MIC MAC software and two key factors affecting the future of spiritual tourism in Qom province. It was found out that Facilitate versus Rigor and Culture policy which were selected among the eleven final effective factors. In the next step, four scenarios are presented in this study. These scenarios include Limited liberalism scenario, Liberal world Scenario, Negligence scenario and Authoritarian Spirituality scenario.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_84364_f7e92fce1ed694db0c9e8b62bf19b62f.pdf
2019-03-01
19
41
10.22133/ijts.2019.172098.1026
Spiritual tourism
Future Study
Soft Systems Methodology
Cross Impact Matrix
Mohammad Reza
Fathi
reza.fathi@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hasan
Maleki
bozorgmehr.maleki1363@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Management, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
Can Deniz
KOKSAL
candeniz@akdeniz.edu.tr
3
Professor, Department of Business, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
AUTHOR
Nedim
Yuzbaşıoğlu
nedimy@akdeniz.edu.tr
4
Professor, Faculty of Tourism, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
AUTHOR
Vahid
Ahmadi
vahid.ahmadi66@gmail.com
5
M.S. Candidate of Industrial Management, Department of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
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Dennis, P., Heaton, J., Schmidt-Wilk, J., Travis, F. (2004). Constructs, methods, and measures for researching spirituality in organizations, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), pp.62- 82. Fathi, M.R., Maleki, M.H, Moghaddam, H. (2018). Futures Investment and Financing of Rail Transportation Industry (Machinery and Equipment), Journal of Management Futures Research, 29(113), pp.33-53. Fathi, M.R., Maleki, M.H, Rezvani, V. (2018). Future Study of Investment in the Housing Industry in Iran Using Scenario Planning Approach and Cross-Impact Matrix, Journal of Management Futures Research, 28(111), pp.11-28. Forniciari, C., & Lund Dean, K. (2004). Diapers to car keys: The state of spirituality, religion and work research. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 1(1), 7–33. French, A.M., Luo, X., Bose, R. (2017). Toward a holistic understanding of continued use of social networking tourism: A mixed-methods approach. Information & Management, 54(6), pp.802-813. Fry, L.W. (2003), towards a theory of spiritual leadership, Leaders. Q., 14, pp.693-727. Fry, LW. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership, The Leadership Quarterly 14, pp. 693-727. Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Gasson, S. (2013). Framing Wicked Problems in Enterprise-Systems Innovation Project Groups . Routledge. Greenleaf, R. (1977). Servant leadership. New York7 Paulist Press. Gupta, M., & Bukhari, S. S. (2016). Religious tourism in Karta- a gap analysis of skill requirements of human resources operating at various levels. IJCEM, 3(5). Hanergraaff, W. (1996). New age religion and western culture: Esotericism in the mirror of secular thought. E.J.Brill. Leiden. Haq, F., Newby, L. (2009). Segmentation of the Spiritual Tourism Market, Journal of ANZMAC. Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., II, Hood, R. W., Jr, McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., et al. (2000), Conceptualizing Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality, Points of Departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30(1), pp.51-77. Hillary, R. (Ed.) (2000). Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment: Business Imperatives, Greenleaf Publishing. Hoa, M.Y. Cheunga, F. Cheung, S.F. (2010). The Role of Meaning in Life and Optimism in Promoting Well-Being, Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), pp. 658-663. Huang, Beijia & et al. (2016). Energy-related GHG emissions of the textile industry in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 119, pp.69-77. Jahanian, M. (2017). Futures studies of Tourism with a Spirituality Perspective, Kale , H.S., Shrivastava ,S.(2003). The enneagram system for enhancing workplace spirituality, Journal of Management Developmen, 22(4), pp.308-328. Karakas , Fahri., (2010). Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: A Literature Review, Journal of Business Ethics. 94, pp.89–106. Liu, C.H. & et al. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation, The use of hybrid MCDM models, Tourism Management 33, pp.413-426. Luckman, T. (1996). The privatization of religion and morality. Blackwell Publishers. London.
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mentoring approach, The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), pp.391-408. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), pp.426–447. Mingers, J. (2011). Soft OR comes of age—but not everywhere!, Omega 39(6), pp.729-741. Mitroff, I., and Denton, E. (1999), A Study of Spirituality in the Workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), pp.83-92. Norman, A. (2011), Spiritual Tourism: Travel and Religious Practice in Western Society, Bloomsbury Academic Publishing. Panigrahi, S.S., Rao, N.S. (2018). A stakeholders’ perspective on barriers to adopt sustainable practices in MSME supply chain: Issues and challenges in the textile sector. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 22(1), pp.59-76. Perron, G.M. (2005). Barriers to Environmental Performance Improvements in Canadian SMEs Dalhousie University, Canada. Pidemon, R.L, (1999), Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five factor model, Journal of personality, 67, pp.985 – 1013. Purnamasaria, P. Amaliahb, I. (2015). Fraud Prevention: Relevance to Religiosity and Spirituality in the Workplace, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, pp.827 – 835. Rego, A., Pina, E., Cunha, M., Souto, S., (2007). Workplace spirituality, commitment, and self-reported individual performance: an empirical study, emeraldinsight.com. Ringland, G.)2012(. Scenario Planning, Managing for the Future, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England. Shafia, S and Sabaghpour, M. (2017). Explaining the concept of spirituality in tourism using content analysis, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 11(35), pp. 107-127. Subrahmanya, M.B. (2015). Innovation and growth of engineering SMEs in Bangalore: why do only some innovate and only some grow faster? Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 36, pp. 24-40. Teylor, C (2011). Diversity of religion in our times, translated by Mostafa Malekian, Sour press. Thompson, J, Curran, R., DO'Gorman, K. (2017). A modern day panopticon: Using power and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, pp. 34-43. Trott, D. (1996). Spiritual well-being of workers: An exploratory study of spirituality in the workplace. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. Vargheese, A.J., Varghees, P. (2012). Dimensions of Spiritual Tourism in Tuiticorin District of Tamil Nadu in India - A Critical Analysis, Business Intelligence Journal. Vincett, G., Woodhead, L. (2009). Spirituality in religion in the modern world. Routledge. NewYork. Wang, W., Liu, W., Mingers, J. (2015). A Systemic Method for Organizational Stakeholder Identification and Analysis Using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). European Journal of Operational Research, 246 (2). pp. 562-574
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Weinberg, F,J., Locander, W.B.(2013). Advancing workplace spiritual development: A dyadic
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Willson, G.B., McIntosh, A.G., & Zahra, A.L. (2013). Tourism And Spirituality: A Phenomenological Analysis, Elsevier Ltd. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, pp. 150-168. Young, C. and Koopsen, C. (2010). Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach, Jones & Bartlett Learning Publisher.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Spiritual understanding and experience in the creative tourism of gastronomy
By producing the paradigm of creative tourism, the knowledge increasing discipline of tourism invites tourists to visit and interact with the unique and live culture of societies instead of just sightseeing in museums and ancient monuments. In this paradigm, tourists engage all of their senses in the creation of their unique experience and improving their relations with local people from seller/buyer to a master/apprentice level. Not only the cultural capital but also the social capital would be increased from this interaction. The main goal of this research is to show that, contrary to what appears at first, the creative domain of gastronomy is a spiritual one and flourishing local communities and creative tourism based on this paradigm can evolve the wellbeing and material life of inhabitants and tourists as well. Moreover, this includes significant spiritual endowments both for guests and hosts in the creative gastronomic destinations. Creative tourism based on gastronomy regards new looks to local communities as the first step in creating unique and added value experiences including economic, human, and social values. In creative tourism, locals and tourists will open their eyes on the destination in completely new ways, so that they could see better in creating new and valuable experiences. This definition is closely related to the Quranic command of “The man must consider what he eats”. In this research, using thematic analysis and Delphi method, it is shown that the components of spiritual perception have significant overlaps with the components of gastronomic creative tourism. Factors such as “comfort and satisfaction”, “Giving meaning to life”, “interaction with others”, “friendship with nature and environment”, and “surrender and thanksgiving “, as the components of the spiritual understanding, showed common and undeniable spaces with the components of creative tourism. These components include “authentic experiences “, “active participation “, “learning”, “self-esteem and self-awareness”, “new products and processes”, and “new spaces”. Based on our results, each of these components has their own proprietary domains and non-negligible common spaces, and even in some cases are subsets of each other.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_84363_e33acc5130733ecae2a2e70c90ab4a02.pdf
2019-03-01
43
67
10.22133/ijts.2019.157766.1017
Creative tourism
Spirituality
Gastronomy
” The man must consider what he is eating”
Mehrnoosh
Bastenegar
mnegar51@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor of the Technology Development Institute (ACECR)
AUTHOR
Ali
Hassani
hassanialy@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of the University of Science and Culture
LEAD_AUTHOR
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Hjalager, A. M., & Richards, G. (Eds.). (2003). Tourism and gastronomy. Routledge. Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 12(10), 1-8. Hughes, G. (1995). Food, tourism and Scottish heritage. Food, tourism and Scottish heritage., 109-120. Jarábková, J., & Hamada, M. (2012). Creativity and rural tourism. Creative and Knowledge Society, 2(2), 5-15. Jian-pour, M., Sahar Movahedi, Sh., Bagheri, M., and Bagheri N. (2017), An introduction to creative tourism in city of Esfahan, Esfahan municipalities publication. [Persian] Khatiri, Kh., Hesam, R., Rafie, N. and Alikhani, N. (2015), The role and importance of social capital of creative cities in crisis management from experts’ view (case study: Golestan province). 2nd international conference on management, economics and humanities. Turkish, Estanbul. [Persian] KTO. (2014). Categorizing Creative Tourism Industry and Analysis of Economic Effect. Korez-Vide, R. (2013). Promoting sustainability of tourism by creative tourism development: How far is Slovenia. Innovative issues and approaches in social sciences, 6(1), 77-102. Lee, A. H., Wall, G., & Kovacs, J. F. (2015). Creative food clusters and rural development through place branding: Culinary tourism initiatives in Stratford and Muskoka, Ontario, Canada. Journal of rural studies, 39, 133-144. Lee, J., & Lee, H. (2015). Deriving strategic priority of policies for creative tourism industry in korea using AHP. Procedia Computer Science, 55, 479-484. Lindroth, K., Ritalahti, J., & Soisalon-Soininen, T. (2007). Creative tourism in destination development. Tourism review, 62(3/4), 53-58. Munsters, W. (1996). Cultural tourism in Belgium. Cultural tourism in Europe, 109-126. Naraghi, A. (2018a), Thoughts about eating and loving [audio file] retrieved from: me/arash_naraghi. [Persian] Naraghi, A. (2018b), speech about Abraham prophet and Eid of Qorban [audio file] retrieved from: me/arash_naraghi. [Persian] Nelson, V. (2015). Place reputation: representing Houston, Texas as a creative destination through culinary culture.Tourism Geographies, 17(2), 192-207. Neundorf, K. E. (2016), A guide to thematic analysis, translated by Bakhshi H. and Jalalian V., Mashad, ACECR publication. [Persian] Ohridska-Olson, R. V., & Ivanov, S. H. (2010). Creative tourism business model and its application in Bulgaria. Pearce, D. G., & Butler, R. W. (Eds.). (1993). Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. Taylor & Francis. Pera, R. (2017). Empowering the new traveller: storytelling as a co-creative behaviour in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(4), 331-338. Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five‐factor model. Journal of personality, 67(6), 985-1013. Rabazauskaitė, V. (2015). Revitalisation of public spaces in the context of creative tourism. Creativity Studies, 8(2), 124-133.
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Rasht Municipality (2015), A proposal for registering the city of Rasht in the UNESCO network of creative cities. [Persian] Raymond, C. (2007). Creative tourism New Zealand: The practical challenges of developing creative tourism. Tourism, creativity and development, 145-157. Richards, G. (2014a). Creativity and tourism in the city. Current issues in Tourism, 17(2), 119-144. Richards, G. (2014b, November). The role of gastronomy in tourism development. In Fourth International Congress on Noble Houses: A Heritage for the Future. Richards, G. (2012). Food and the tourism experience: major findings and policy orientations. Food and the tourism experience, 13-46. Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of tourism research, 38(4), 1225-1253. Richards, G. (2008). Creative tourism and local development. In Santa Fe International Conference on Creative Tourism, September. Richards, G. (2005). Textile tourists in the European periphery: New markets for disadvantaged areas?. Tourism Review International, 8(4), 323-338. Richards, G., & Marques, L. (2012). Exploring creative tourism: Editors introduction. Richards, G., & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative tourism. ATLAS news, 23(8), 16-20. Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?. Tourism management, 27(6), 1209-1223. Sacco, P. L. (2011). Culture 3.0: A new perspective for the EU 2014-2020 structural funds programming. Produced for the OMC Working Group on Cultural and Creative Industries. Sadeghi-Moghadam, M., Mokhtari, P. and Eshabi, M. (2012), How creative cities are formed: investigation of the effect of environment on human, case study: Ab and Atash (Water and Fire) Park, National symposium on humanistic architecture and city building, Qazvin azad university. [Persian] Sadeghi, S., Shams-Dehkordi, M., and Esmaeli, A. (2015), The creative city: explanation of identity, 2nd international conference and 4th national conference of architecture, civil engineering and urban environment. [Persian] Scarparto, R. (2000). New global cuisine: the perspective of postmodern gastronomy studies (Doctoral dissertation, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology). Sheikh-Beigloo, R. (2015), Creative city: conceptual-functional originality in the spatial identity and civilization of Iran, contemporary review in the west, 4th conference of Iranian-Islamic symbol of advancement. [Persian] Sohrabi-far V. (2012), A critique on rationalism and spirituality theories of Malekian, university of religions and faith, http://www.askdin.com/archive/index.php/t-19858.html.[Persian] Suet Leng, K., & Badarulzaman, N. (2014). Branding George Town world heritage site as city of gastronomy: prospects of creative cities strategy in Penang. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(3), 322-332. Taleghani, M. (1995), A light from Quran, first publication: Enteshar publication. [Persian] Tan, S. K., Kung, S. F., & Luh, D. B. (2013). A model of ‘creative experience’ in creative tourism. Annals of tourism research, 41, 153-174
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UNESCO, Network, U. C. C. (2006). Toward Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism. New Mexico, USA. Voss, C. (2004). Trends in the experience and service economy: The experience profit cycle. London Business School. WILSON, J., & RICHARDS, G. (2007). Tourism development trajectories: From culture to creativity? In Tourism, Creativity and Development (pp. 23-56). Routledge. Wahlqvist, M. (1999). Food security and health depend on food diversity and sustainability. In keynote address to: Eating into the Future. The First Australian Conference on Food, Health and the Environment, Adelaide: Flinders University. Yozcu, Ö. K., & İçöz, O. (2010). A model proposal on the use of creative tourism experiences in congress tourism and the congress marketing mix. Special Issue-Número Especial Cities as Creative Spaces for Cultural Tourism Ciudades como espacios creativos para el Turismo Cultural, 8(3), 105.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measurement of Relationship between Factors Affecting the Demand of Spiritual Tourism in Tehran Using Fuzzy Technique
Today, sustainable development of tourism as a strategy for the development of cities, especially remote cities is a relatively new idea that its importance has been realized by policymakers. This type of tourism can be considered as a source of income, creating jobs, and making positive changes in the income of cities. In tourism studies, there are also discussions about spiritual tourism. However, most scholars do not consider spiritual tourism as realtourism because it is like an umbrella that can include various types of tourism that leads to a transcendental sense and sacred values such as ‘Spiritual city tourism’.Then, using laboratory techniques of test and evaluation of fuzzy DEMATEL decision making, as one of the appropriate decision-making techniques that deal with systematic relations between variables, relations among factors influencing the development of Spiritual city tourism in Tehran are studied and modeled. The results of the fuzzy DEMATEL method showed that factors affecting the development of Spiritualcity tourism include Appropriate planning and management, Direct supervision of the government and institutions on those active in the field of tourism, Presence of experts fluent in live languages of the world beside tourism attractions, Attracting foreign investment for the development of Spiritual city tourism activities with contracts and special facilities, Marketing, advertising, and introducing tourism attractions in national and international areas, Culturalization of tourism development and promotion of tourist acceptance culture among city residents.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_84368_60a3a58a0e2b2363285ac069176645d7.pdf
2019-03-01
69
84
10.22133/ijts.2019.84368
Tourism
Spiritual city tourism
Spiritual tourism
DEMATEL fuzzy technique
Tehran
Mehdi
Karoubi
dr.mehdi.karoubi@gmail.com
1
Faculty Member Of Department of Tourism and Hospitality of Allame Tabataba'i University
LEAD_AUTHOR
References Ambroz, M (2011), Tourist Origin and Spiritual Motives, Journal of Management, Vol. 16, 2011, 2, pp 71-86. Coles, R. (1991), The Spiritual Life of Children, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. Willson, Alison J. McIntosh and Anne. L. Zahra (2013), Tourism And Spirituality: A Phenomenological Analysis, Elsevier Ltd. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, pp. 111-113, 2113. Gardner, H. (2011), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Basic Books Publishing. Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., II, Hood, R. W., Jr, McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., et al. (2000), Conceptualising Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality, Points of Departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30(1), 51-77 Jassbi, J, Mohammadnejad, F and Nasrollahzadeh, H(2011), A fuzzy Dematel Framework for Modeling Case and Effect Relatinships of Strategy map, Safety Science, Vol, 49, pp. 243-252. Laws, E. (1995). Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. London: Routledge. Pearce, D. G. (2001). An Integrative Framework for Urban Tourism Research. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4): 926-946. Plante, T.G. and Thoresen, C.E. (2007), Spirit, Science, and Health: How the Spiritual Mind Fuels Physical Wellness, Greenwood Publishing Group. Robins, C. M. (2002). Urban Tourism in the Developing World: the Case of Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 19(1): 169-190. Rostamzadeh, R, Sofian, S(2011), Prioritizing effective 7 Ms to improve production systems performance using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy Topsis(case study), Expert system with Applications, Vol.38, pp5166-5177. Rogerson, C. M. (2002). Urban Tourism in the Developing World: the Case of Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 19(1): 169-190. Shafia, S., Sabaghpour Azarian, M. (2017), Explaining the Concept of Spirituality in Tourism Using Content Analysis, Journal of Tourism Management Studies, Vol. 11, No. 35, pp. 107-127. Sharpley, R. and Roberts, L. (2005). Managing Urban Tourism. In: L. Pender and R. Sharpley (Eds.), The Management of Tourism (pp. 161-174). London: SAGE Publication. Timur, S. (2005). A Network Perspective of Stakeholder Relationships in the Context of Sustainable Urban Tourism. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Haskayne School of Business: Canada. Vargheese A, J, S.(2012), Dimensions of Spiritual Tourism in Tuiticorin District of Tamil Nadu in India - A Critical Analysis, Business Intelligence Journal. Xiao, G. (2007). Urban Tourism: Global-Local Relationships in Dalian, China. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Waterloo: Canada. Zargham Boroujeni, H. (2009), Tehran Attractive City for Tourism Development Planning: www.tourism science.ir
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Methodology Study of the Concept of Spirituality in Tourism According to Fuzzy Logic
Studying the concept of spirituality in tourism is neithera newapproach nor a study of a particular kind of tourism or simply a religious perspective to tourism. Rather, it is an indicator of spiritual contents that today’s tourism is submerged into discover and attain non-material values and the reality duringthe length of its journey. This research offers a new perspective in the study of the methodology of tourism studies with a descriptive-analytical approach, conjunctive viewwhile using library documentation and a review of theoretical foundations according to the fuzzylogicmethodology. The fuzzy logictheory possesses a more precise capacity to explain and analyze concepts and phenomena and also a spectral reading of phenomena thatuses the binary numbers of 0 and 1 as the extreme points of reality and accepts that there are infinite points of reality between the two of them; therefore, in order to more precisely and comprehensively understand reality, one must have a hierarchical view towardthephenomena. With this approach, spirituality in tourism includes a great variety of concepts and elementsthat are allambiguous and graded. These elements include reasoning and probing, religious denomination and beliefs, mutual relations, and quality of life and culture. The propositions of spirituality in tourism essentially exist in bothfuzzy and spectral logic,not justwith fuzzy logic because of the essential ambiguity existingin concepts and elements andtheir metaphysical aspects. Therefore, this study is built upon the studies related to spiritualityin tourismconducted through the fuzzy logicmethodologies. According to the obtainedresults, this important approach must be paid attention so that the great capacities of spirituality in tourism in the areas of knowledge and action can be correctly utilized.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_84370_5bfb5904b04ad9836b65fdde0444a56c.pdf
2019-03-01
85
105
10.22133/ijts.2019.84370
Spirituality
Tourism
methodology
Fuzzy logic
Kamal
sorayyaArdakani
kna.sorayya@gmail.com
1
University of mofid, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fahimeh
Soleimanabadi
soleimani.f1394@gmail.com
2
Political Sciences, Political Sciences and International Relations, Razi University, Kermanshah
AUTHOR
References Ali Beygi, J, Qismi, Y. (2016). “The Effect of Religious Tourism on Quality of Life and Social Capital of Rural Households (Case Study: Bardy village, Dehloran County)”, Social Studies in Tourism, no. 6, Autumn and Winter. (in Persian) Ambroz M., Orsenic R., (2011). Tourist origin of spiritual motives. Preliminary communication, UDC 338-48. Azizi, P., Lutfi, H. (2010). “The Role of Sustainable Rural Tourism for Development of Rural Region in Semnan Province (Case study, Rural Region in Shahrood City)”, Territory, no. 23, Autumn. (in Persian). Cathy H., Les K., Graham B., Michael J. G. and Sam H. (2008). Tourism Marketing, WILEY Publication, ISBN: 9780470814901. 2008. Collins-Kreiner, N. and Kliot, N. (2000). “Pilgrimage Tourism in the Holy Land: The Behavioural Characteristics of Christian Pilgrims.“ Geojournal, 50: 55–67. Eftekhari, A. R., Jahanian, M., Javdan, M., Khooshebast, F., Vahedi, E. (2018). “Analyzing the Relationship between Tourism and Spirituality: Toward a Framework“ International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality, summer Haq, F., Newby, L. (2009). Segmentation of the Spiritual Tourism Market, Journal of ANZMAC. Haqiqat, S. S. (2016). Methodology in Political Sciences) Qom: Mofid University Press, 4th ed. (in Persian) Hoseinzadeh Yazdi, M. (2009). “Epistemic Fundamentals of fuzzy logic: A Critical Study”, The Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, no. 36. (in Persian)
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Hoseinzadeh Yazdi, M. (2008). “The Principle of the Impossibility of Contradiction: The Transcendent Philosophy and fuzzy logic”, Kheradname-ye Sadra, no. 50. (in Persian)
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Imani Khoshkhoo, M. H., Pourjam Alvijeh, A., Nadalipour, Z. (2015). Tourism Studies, Tehran: Acecr Publication. (in Persian) Imani Khoshkhoo, M. H., Sabbaghpur Azariyan, M. and Shafi’a, S. (2017). “An Explanation of the Concept of Spirituality in Tourism by using Content Analysis“, The Procedia of First International Conference on Tourism and Spirituality, Tehran: Armed Forces Organization for Geography, No. 7. (in Persian) Imani Khoshkhoo, M. H, Shahrabi Farahani, M., ‘Araqi, M. (2017). “A study of the Relation between Travel and Spirituality in Pre-Islamic Religions (A Case Study of Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity“, The Procedia of First International Conference on Tourism and Spirituality, Tehran: Armed Forces Organization for Geography. (in Persian) Jarratt, D. (2013).“ A socio-cultural analysis of the traditional seaside resort and its contemporary meaning to tourists with specific reference to Morecambe, U.K.“ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan). Khademi Z., Fakhrzad H., Baqir M. (2013). “An Analytic Study on the Usage of fuzzy Systems in Holy Quran”, Modern Religious Thoughts, Year 8, no. 31. (in Persian) Kosko, B. (2011). fuzzy Thinking, Translated by: Ali Ghaffari, Adil Maqsudpur, Alireza Purmumtaz, Jamshid Qasimi, Tehran: K. N. Tusi University of Technology, 5th ed. (in Persian). Laderlah, S. A., et al. (2011). “A Study of Islamic Tourism: A Malaysian Experience“. 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Historical and Social Sciences. Singapore: IACSIT Press Norman, A. (2004). Spiritual Tourism: Religion and Spirituality in Contemporary Travele. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney. Phillis, Y. A., Andriantiatsaholiniaina L. A. (2001). “Sustainability: an ill-defined concept and its assessment using fuzzy logic“. Ecological Economics, 37(3), 435-456. Qayadi, Ḥ., Araqi, M., Shahrabi Farahani, M. (2017). “Objective and Objective Journeys in Mystical Literature“, The Procedia of First International Conference on Tourism and Spirituality. Tehran: Armed Forces Organization for Geography. (in Persian) Rastgar, I., Jahanian, M. (2016). “A Probe of the Various Conceptual Approaching Explaining Spiritual Tourism in Documentation Research (Subject of Research: Persian Scientific-Research Articles“, The Procedia of First International Conference on Tourism and Spirituality. (in Persian) Russell, B. (2010). The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, translated into Persian as: Atomism-i Mantiqi (Logical Atomism) by Jalal Peykani, Tehran: Elm Publications, 1st Ed. Sa’i, ‘A. (2012). “fuzzy Epistemology and its Methodological Implications in Social Science“, Iranian Social Studies Journal, vol. 3, no. 4. (in Persian) Saqai, M., Nurdahi, F., Javanikht Q., Tabatabai Z., Baqir S. M. (2013). “The Textual Environment of Imam Reda“, Iranian Social Studies Journal, vol. 3 and 4, Autumn and Winter. (in Persian) Shafi’a, S., Firuzi, G., Ghulami, F. Z. (2017). “Religious Tourism, Spiritual Tourism or Tourism, and Spirituality: a Study of the Similarities and Differences through Content Analysis“, The Procedia of Tenth International Conference on Economics and Management. (in Persian) Shari’ati M. S. (2016). “Phenomenological Approach in Tourism Studies“, Social Studies in Tourism, no. 6, Autumn and Winter. (in Persian)
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Sharpley, R., Sundaram, P. (2005). “Tourism: A Sacred Journey? The Case of Ashram Tourism“, India in International Journal of Tourism Research. 7, 161-171 Trillas, E., Eciolaza, L. (2015). “fuzzy logic: an introductory course for engineering students“ (Vol. 320). Springer. Vaidiyan Kamyad, A. (1999). “The Methodology of fuzzy logic Application in the Islamic View “, Iranian Journal of the Knowledge Studies in the Islamic University, no. 5. (in Persian) 31. Vargheese, A., Jesurajan S., Varghees P. S. (2012). Dimensions of Spiritual Tourism in Tuiticorin District of Tamil Nadu in India - A Critical Analysis, Business Intelligence Journal, 2012.
4
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Studying Status of Leisure Times and Tourism in Quran and Hadiths with emphasis on Spirituality
Human beings are constantly active to live their everyday life. They spend long hours of their life on working and activity in closed and confined environments. That along with urbanization, mental and psychological traumas and physical harms has led some to think about leisure time and its significance in their life. Meantime, various schools of thought and ideologies attach great significance to leisure time. Islam also recognizes the necessity of tourism, as a prescribed form of leisure time, at individual and social life. In this regard, tourism with a spiritual approach is followed by an intellectual upgrade and spiritual evolution of humans, leading to intellectual and spiritual enrichment. This study has been conducted to examine the status of leisure time and tourism in the holy Quran and hadiths. This descriptive-analytical research, which is based on Quranic verses and hadiths frequently narrated in authenticated books, aims to examine various aspects of leisure time and tourism in the Quran and hadiths. The findings of this research show that Islam views leisure time as a moral issue. Relying on the Quranic verses and hadiths, tourism may be divided into halal (permissible), makrouh (non- recommended) and haram (strictly forbidden). Quranically tourism with a spiritual approach brings about serenity, durability and blessings while being faith-based and beyond gender division.
https://ijtcs.usc.ac.ir/article_91023_a349289d8075112de6a508b0fe6712ef.pdf
2019-07-13
106
118
10.22133/ijts.2019.91023
leisure time
Tourism
the Quran
Narratives
Spirituality
Reza
Aghapour
r.aghapour@umz.ac.ir
1
Department of Theology and Islamic Teachings, University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
Seyed Ali Akbar
Rabi Nattaj
sm.rabinataj@gmail.com
2
Quran and Hadith Division, Department of Theology and Islamic Teachings, University of Mazandaran , Mazandaran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Mohsen
Mousavi
sm.musavi155@yahoo.com
3
faculty member, Quran and Hadith Division, Department of Theology and Islamic Teachings, University of Mazandaran , Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
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Mafakheri, A. (2012). Comparing Sport Activities of Leisure Time in Various Ethnic Groups, Male Students of State Universities of Tehran. Master’s Dissertation. Malekian, M. (2002), Religion and Crisis of Meaning in New World. Niloofar Cultural Website. Retrieved from http://www.neeloofar. Nahj al-Balagha (2010). A translation by Mohammad Dashti. Tehran: Loqman. Pour Esmaeil, E. (2006). Productivity of leisure time according to the views of sociologists and compare it with the teachings of revelation. Pajoohesh Dini Journal. 5(14), 183-207. Roudgar, M.J. (2009). Spirituality orientation in Quran (principles, elements and functions of Quran spirituality). Eateghadi Kalami Studies, 4(14), 15-32. Sarookhani, B. (1992). Communication sociology. Tehran: Information Institute. Sharifi, A.H., et al. (2013). Always Spring: Islamic Moral and life style. Qom: Nashr Maaref. Sadouq, M. (1982). Al-Towhid. Qom: Alavyoun. Shafia S., & Sabaghpour Azarian, M. (2016). Elucidating Concept of Spiritualty in Tourism by Content Analysis. Tourism Studies, 11 (35), 107-127. Shalchian, T. (2006). Customs and Culture of Travel. Tehran: Payam-e Nour University. Sanaei, N. (2013). Conceptual Geometry of Leisure Time with Sociological, Psychological and Moral Approach. Tehran: Marefat Akhlaqi Taghaddosinia, Kh. (2002). A translation of "Sahifa Sajjadiah", Qom, Aemeh Publication. The Quran, translated by Mohammad Mehdi Fooladvand. Qom: Osveh. Tamimi Amadi, A. (1987). Gharar al-Hakam va Dorar al-Kalam, Tehran: University of Tehran. Ziari, K., Mahdnejad, H., Parhiz, F. (2009). Principles and techniques of urban Planning. Chabahar: Chabahar International University Publication
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