Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 assistant professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Tarbiat Modares University, Management & Economy Faculty
3 Associate Prof. Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Today, we confront forces bringing spiritual and ethical values into business which have together has a meaningful concept for each business. Nowadays, the growing attention to ethical issues in workplaces has caused the organizations tend to set ethical codes. However, the results of recent studies show that the ethical organizations will obtain more benefits over a long period and will gain better financial and non-financial performance. So this issue has caused the ethical values of organization be an important part of the organization’s culture. Beside this, ethical issues have always been a noteworthy topic in tourism concepts. Therefore, the present research has examined the effect of ethical values and empathy on nonfinancial performance of tour operators in Tehran through the organizational commitment. The statistical population is composed of employees of tour operators and data were collected by the standard questionnaires. Results show that ethical values and empathy in workplace have a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment and following that non-financial performance of organization.
Keywords
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Review and model. The Marketing Review, 12(3), 275-289.
Agnihotri, R., & Krush, M. T. (2015). Salesperson empathy, ethical behaviors, and
sales performance: the moderating role of trust in one’s manager. Journal of
Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 164–174.
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Service Behavior in a Competitive Context. Journal of the Academy of
Marketing Science, 35(4), 603–616.
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continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of
Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Ayoun, B., Rowe, L., & Yassine, F. (2015). Is workplace spirituality associated with
business ethics?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 27(5), 938- 957.
Azar, A., Gholamzadeh, R., Ghanvati, M. (2012). Structural Model in Management.
1st ed. Tehran. Negahe Danesh. (In Persian)
Bagozzi, R. P. (2006). The Role of Social and Self-conscious Emotions in the
Regulation of Business-to-Business Relationships in Salesperson-Customer
Interactions. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 21(7), 453–457.
Bahrifar, A., & Javaheri kamel, M. (2010). The consequences of Ethical Values in
Organization. Journal of Management System, 7(28), 95-118. (In Persian)
Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares approach
to causal modeling: personal computer adoption and use as an illustration”.
Technological Studies, 2(2), 285-309.
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leadership and impact on ethical performance. Journal of Management, 43,
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Homburg, C., Wieseke, J., & Bornemann, T. (2009). Implementing the Marketing
Concept at the Employee-Customer Interface: The Role of Customer Need
Knowledge. Journal of Marketing, 73(4), 64-81.
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Chen, G., Mathieu, J. E., & Bliese, P. D. (2015). A framework for conducting multi-
level construct validation. In F. J. Dansereau & F. Yammarino (Eds.), Research
in multi-level issues: The many faces of multi-level issues .Oxford, UK: Elsevier
Science. 273-303.
Chonko, L. B., Tanner Jr., J. F., & Weeks, W. A. (1996). Ethics in Salesperson
Decision Making: A synthesis of Research Approaches and an Extension of the
Scenario Method. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 16(1),
35–52.
Corner, P. D. (2009). Workplace spirituality and business ethics: Insights from an
eastern spiritual tradition. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 377-389.
Ebrahimi, J., Kanani, Y. G., Tabari, M., & Seydanlou, O. (2017). Investigating the
relationship between professional ethics and spirituality at work with social
responsibility (Case Study: Gas company of Mazandaran province). JIMS8M:
The Journal of Indian Management & Strategy, 22(1), 25-31.
Elias, R. Z. (2005). The Effect o f Corporate Ethical Values On Accountants’
Perceptions of Social Responsibility. Journal of Applied Business Research,
21(4), 1-10.
Evans, A. M., Levitt, D. H., & Henning, S., (2012). The Application of Ethical
Decision-Making and Self-Awareness in the Counselor Education Classroom.
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 4(2), 41-52.
Farahibourzanjani, B., Mahdavi, M., & Abbasi, M. (2010). Factors Affecting on
Employee Satisfaction in Fava. Journal of Resources Management, 2(3), 101-
120. (In Persian)
Ferrell, O. C., Johnston, M. W., & Ferrell, L. (2007). A Framework for Personal
Selling and Sales Management Ethical Decision Making. Journal of Personal
Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 291–299.
Girard, R. (2007). Achever Clausewitz, Entretiens avec Benoît Chantre. Paris:
Carnets Nord.
Haj karimi, A., Tabarsa, Gh., Rahimi, F. (2008). The Impact of HRM on OBC by
the Role of Commitment. Journal of Strategic Management Thinking, 2(1), 103-
123. (In Persian)
Hartman, E. (1996). Organizational Ethics and the Good Life. Oxford University
Press.
Huang, L., & Paterson, T. A. (2017). Group ethical voice: Influence of ethical
leadership and impact on ethical performance. Journal of Management, 43,
1157-1184.
Homburg, C., Wieseke, J., & Bornemann, T. (2009). Implementing the Marketing
Concept at the Employee-Customer Interface: The Role of Customer Need
Knowledge. Journal of Marketing, 73(4), 64-81.
Ingram, T. N., LaForge, R. W., & Schwepker Jr., C. H. (2007). Salesperson Ethical
Decision Making: The Impact of Sales Leadership and Sales Management
Control Strategy. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 301–
315.
Issa, T. & Pick, D. (2010). Ethical Mindsets in the Australian Services Sector. Asia
Pacific Journal of Business and Management. 1(1), 29-42.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment:
Measurement Issues. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 7-25.
Jondle, D., Ardichvili, A., Mitchell, J. (2014). Modeling Ethical Business Culture:
Development of the Ethical Business Culture Survey and Its Use to Validate the
CEBC Model of Ethical Business Culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1),
29-43.
Jung Sun, Hyo & Namkung, Young & Hyun Yoon Hye (2010). The effects of
employees’ business ethical value on person–organization fit and turnover intent
in the foodservice industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management,
29, 538–546.
Komari, N., & DJafar, F. (2013). Work Ethics, Work Satisfaction and
Organizational Commitment at the Sharia bank, Indonesia. International
Business Research, 6(12), 107-125.
Lau, C. M., & Moser, A. (2008). Behavioral effects of nonfinancial performance
measures: the role of procedural fairness. Behavioral Research in Accounting.
Forthcoming. 20(2), 55-71.
Liu, A., & Pratt, S. (2017). Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism.
Tourism Management, 6, 404-417.
Lowery, C. M., Duesing, R. J., & Beadles, N. A. (2014). A research note on the
relationships among spirituality, contextual variables, and perceptions of ethics
in the workplace. Journal of Managerial, 3(86), 408-423.
Mansouri Moayyed, F., & Yavari gohar, F. (2017). The Impact of Role Stress on
Employed Women Satisfactions: The Role of Self-Efficacy. Management
Studies in Development and Evolution, 26(86), 125-144. (In Persian)
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-Analysis of the
Antecedents Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment.
Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 194-171.
McBane, D. A. (1995). Empathy and the salesperson: A multidimensional
perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 12(4), 349-370.
McLaughlin, C., (2005). Spirituality and ethics in business. European Business
Review, 17(1), 76-98.
Melé, D., & Fontrodona, J., (2017). Christian Ethics and spirituality in leading
business organizations: Editorial ıntroduction, Journal of Business Ethics,
145(4), 671-679.
Decision Making: The Impact of Sales Leadership and Sales Management
Control Strategy. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 301–
315.
Issa, T. & Pick, D. (2010). Ethical Mindsets in the Australian Services Sector. Asia
Pacific Journal of Business and Management. 1(1), 29-42.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment:
Measurement Issues. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 7-25.
Jondle, D., Ardichvili, A., Mitchell, J. (2014). Modeling Ethical Business Culture:
Development of the Ethical Business Culture Survey and Its Use to Validate the
CEBC Model of Ethical Business Culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1),
29-43.
Jung Sun, Hyo & Namkung, Young & Hyun Yoon Hye (2010). The effects of
employees’ business ethical value on person–organization fit and turnover intent
in the foodservice industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management,
29, 538–546.
Komari, N., & DJafar, F. (2013). Work Ethics, Work Satisfaction and
Organizational Commitment at the Sharia bank, Indonesia. International
Business Research, 6(12), 107-125.
Lau, C. M., & Moser, A. (2008). Behavioral effects of nonfinancial performance
measures: the role of procedural fairness. Behavioral Research in Accounting.
Forthcoming. 20(2), 55-71.
Liu, A., & Pratt, S. (2017). Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism.
Tourism Management, 6, 404-417.
Lowery, C. M., Duesing, R. J., & Beadles, N. A. (2014). A research note on the
relationships among spirituality, contextual variables, and perceptions of ethics
in the workplace. Journal of Managerial, 3(86), 408-423.
Mansouri Moayyed, F., & Yavari gohar, F. (2017). The Impact of Role Stress on
Employed Women Satisfactions: The Role of Self-Efficacy. Management
Studies in Development and Evolution, 26(86), 125-144. (In Persian)
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-Analysis of the
Antecedents Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment.
Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 194-171.
McBane, D. A. (1995). Empathy and the salesperson: A multidimensional
perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 12(4), 349-370.
McLaughlin, C., (2005). Spirituality and ethics in business. European Business
Review, 17(1), 76-98.
Melé, D., & Fontrodona, J., (2017). Christian Ethics and spirituality in leading
business organizations: Editorial ıntroduction, Journal of Business Ethics,
145(4), 671-679.
Mencl, J., & May, D. R. (2009). The Effects of Proximity and Empathy on Ethical
Decision- making: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal of Business Ethics,
85(2), 201–226.
Meyer, J., & Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research,
and Application. Sage Publications.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and
occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551.
Mohajeran, B. (2014). Structural modeling of relationship between professional
ethics and spirituality at work with social responsibility among nurses in the
public hospitals in Kermanshah city. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management,
3(2), 20-29.
Montazeri, M. Borhani, F. & Tavakkoli, S. N. (2017). Spirituality in treatment and
medical ethics. Journal of research in medical and dental science, 5(6), 131-136.
Motlagh, M., Jamali, A., & Ghoorchian, N. (2016). The role of spirituality and
ethics in higher education quality improvement. Management Science Letters,
6(5), 341-350.
Mowdey R. T., Porter L. W., & Steers R. M. (1982). Employee- Organization
Linkage of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. New York: Academic
Press.
Mukherjee, S., Bhattacharjee, S., & Singha, S. (2016). Workplace
Spirituality: A Paradigm Shift to Ethics from Business. Iosr Journal of
Business and Management. Special Issue - AETM', 16, 11-15.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and
psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and
internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-
499.
Provis, C., & Gramberg, B. V. (2004). Ethics, Conflict and Human Resource
Managers in New Economy. Victoria University of Technology Press.
Rajabipoor, A., & Dehghani, M. (2013). The Relation between Organizational
Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Bioethics Journal, 6, 49-91. (In Persian)
Rameson, L. T., Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). The neural correlates of
empathy: Experience, automaticity, and prosaically behavior. Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(1), 235-245.
Rodriguez-Rad, C. J. & Ramos Hidalgo, E., (2017). Spirituality, consumer ethics,
and sustainability: The mediating role of moral identity. Journal of consumer
marketing, (just-accepted)
Roof, W. C. (2003). Religion and Spirituality: Toward an Integrated Analysis,
Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University
PresSalahudin, S. N., Baharuddin, S. S., Safizal, M., & Osman, A. (2016). The Effect of
Islamic Work Ethics on Organizational, Commitment. Procardia Economics and
Finance, 35, 582-590.
Schwepker Jr., C. H., & Good, D. J. (2011). Moral Judgment and Its Impact on
Business-to-Business Sales Performance and Customer Relationships. Journal of
Business Ethics, 98(4), 609–625.
Shafiei Nikabadi, M., & Salimi, A., (2016). DEA of Organizational Culture and
Non-Financial Performance and Knowledge Management. Productivity
Management Journal, 9(34), 7-45. (In Persian)
Shahriary, M., Abaszadeh, A., Mohammadi, E., & Bahrami, M., (2014). Nursing
Ethical Value from Quran Perspective. Bioethics Journal, 4(14), 39-65. (In
Persian)
Shalbafian, A. A., & Zarandian, N. (2019). Volunteer Tourism; an Approach to
Realize Spirituality. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality, 4(1), 9-
31.
Sheikhi , H. (2010). The Impact of Armies productivity, the Factors Loading in
Naja, Master Thesis in Farabi University. (In Persian)
Shirmohammadi, Y. & Abyaran, P., (2019). The influence of spiritual experience on
the brand of religious place. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality,
4(1), 33-55.
Spiro, R. L., & Weitz, B. A. (1990). Adaptive selling: conceptualization,
measurement, and nomological validity. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1),
61–69.
Sreers R. M., Porter, L. W. (1992). Motivation and Work Behavior. McGraw Hill,
Book Co.
Taban, M., Javanmard, B., Mohammadi, A., & viseh, M., (2013). “The Study of
Relationship between Spritual Leadership and Employee Attitude”. Journal of
Culture in Islamic University, 2(2), 229-238. (In Persian)
Yousef, D. A., (2000). “Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as
predictors’ attitudes toward organizational change in a non – western setting”.
Personnel Review, 5(29), 56-70.
Wertz, J., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Beckley, A. L., Arseneault, L., Barnes, J. C., ...
& Odgers, C. L. (2018). Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic
Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior,
Psychological Science, 29(5), 791-803
Weinsten, Neil, D. (1980). Unrealistic Optimism about Future Life Events, Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 112-122.
Zargham Boroujeni, H., & Sedaghat, M. (2018). Tourism in Islamic-Iranian
Pattern, Tehran: Mahkameh, 1st eds.
Decision- making: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal of Business Ethics,
85(2), 201–226.
Meyer, J., & Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research,
and Application. Sage Publications.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and
occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551.
Mohajeran, B. (2014). Structural modeling of relationship between professional
ethics and spirituality at work with social responsibility among nurses in the
public hospitals in Kermanshah city. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management,
3(2), 20-29.
Montazeri, M. Borhani, F. & Tavakkoli, S. N. (2017). Spirituality in treatment and
medical ethics. Journal of research in medical and dental science, 5(6), 131-136.
Motlagh, M., Jamali, A., & Ghoorchian, N. (2016). The role of spirituality and
ethics in higher education quality improvement. Management Science Letters,
6(5), 341-350.
Mowdey R. T., Porter L. W., & Steers R. M. (1982). Employee- Organization
Linkage of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. New York: Academic
Press.
Mukherjee, S., Bhattacharjee, S., & Singha, S. (2016). Workplace
Spirituality: A Paradigm Shift to Ethics from Business. Iosr Journal of
Business and Management. Special Issue - AETM', 16, 11-15.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and
psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and
internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-
499.
Provis, C., & Gramberg, B. V. (2004). Ethics, Conflict and Human Resource
Managers in New Economy. Victoria University of Technology Press.
Rajabipoor, A., & Dehghani, M. (2013). The Relation between Organizational
Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Bioethics Journal, 6, 49-91. (In Persian)
Rameson, L. T., Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). The neural correlates of
empathy: Experience, automaticity, and prosaically behavior. Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(1), 235-245.
Rodriguez-Rad, C. J. & Ramos Hidalgo, E., (2017). Spirituality, consumer ethics,
and sustainability: The mediating role of moral identity. Journal of consumer
marketing, (just-accepted)
Roof, W. C. (2003). Religion and Spirituality: Toward an Integrated Analysis,
Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University
PresSalahudin, S. N., Baharuddin, S. S., Safizal, M., & Osman, A. (2016). The Effect of
Islamic Work Ethics on Organizational, Commitment. Procardia Economics and
Finance, 35, 582-590.
Schwepker Jr., C. H., & Good, D. J. (2011). Moral Judgment and Its Impact on
Business-to-Business Sales Performance and Customer Relationships. Journal of
Business Ethics, 98(4), 609–625.
Shafiei Nikabadi, M., & Salimi, A., (2016). DEA of Organizational Culture and
Non-Financial Performance and Knowledge Management. Productivity
Management Journal, 9(34), 7-45. (In Persian)
Shahriary, M., Abaszadeh, A., Mohammadi, E., & Bahrami, M., (2014). Nursing
Ethical Value from Quran Perspective. Bioethics Journal, 4(14), 39-65. (In
Persian)
Shalbafian, A. A., & Zarandian, N. (2019). Volunteer Tourism; an Approach to
Realize Spirituality. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality, 4(1), 9-
31.
Sheikhi , H. (2010). The Impact of Armies productivity, the Factors Loading in
Naja, Master Thesis in Farabi University. (In Persian)
Shirmohammadi, Y. & Abyaran, P., (2019). The influence of spiritual experience on
the brand of religious place. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality,
4(1), 33-55.
Spiro, R. L., & Weitz, B. A. (1990). Adaptive selling: conceptualization,
measurement, and nomological validity. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1),
61–69.
Sreers R. M., Porter, L. W. (1992). Motivation and Work Behavior. McGraw Hill,
Book Co.
Taban, M., Javanmard, B., Mohammadi, A., & viseh, M., (2013). “The Study of
Relationship between Spritual Leadership and Employee Attitude”. Journal of
Culture in Islamic University, 2(2), 229-238. (In Persian)
Yousef, D. A., (2000). “Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as
predictors’ attitudes toward organizational change in a non – western setting”.
Personnel Review, 5(29), 56-70.
Wertz, J., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Beckley, A. L., Arseneault, L., Barnes, J. C., ...
& Odgers, C. L. (2018). Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic
Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior,
Psychological Science, 29(5), 791-803
Weinsten, Neil, D. (1980). Unrealistic Optimism about Future Life Events, Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 112-122.
Zargham Boroujeni, H., & Sedaghat, M. (2018). Tourism in Islamic-Iranian
Pattern, Tehran: Mahkameh, 1st eds.
)