Document Type : Original Article

Author

Faculty of Tourism, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

While categorization of human beings into various subgroups in terms of their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality and alike is not a new phenomenon but such a diversity in communities all around the world has drawn much attention to the issue in recent years due to the increasing importance of equality for governments and societies. Workplaces are among those contexts which are proposed to equality issues and are trying to deal with it utilizing different approaches among which creating spirituality in workplace is a noteworthy one. Tourism businesses are not an exception in this regard and are faced with the diversity challenge especially in terms of interaction between different cultures throughout the industry. Additionally, it seems that organizational outcome is influenced by level of diversity at the workplace. Therefore, this paper adopts a developmental descriptive-analytical approach implemented by documentary analysis to discuss the relationship between diversity management and organizational outcome and provides a theoretical model indicating how workplace spirituality (WPS) mediates the relationship between cultural diversity management and organizational outcome in tourism businesses since cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature and can be a source of competitive advantage for businesses as well.

Keywords

Adnan, A.,  Bhatti, O. K., & Farooq, W. (2020). Relating ethical leadership with work engagement: How workplace spiritualitymediates? Cogent Business & Management Journal, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020. 1739494.
Castellacci, F., & Viñas-Bardolet, C. (2019) Internet use and job satisfaction. Computer in Human Behaviour, 90, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2018.09.001
Cheer, J. M., Belhassen, Y., & Kujawa, J. (2017). The search for spirituality in tourism: Toward a conceptual framework for spiritual tourism. Tourism Management Perspective, 24, 252-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.018.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179–201.
Dean, K. L., & Safranski, S. R. (2008). No Harm, No Foul? Organizational Intervention in Workplace Spirituality. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(4), 359-371. doi:0.1080/01900690701590751.
Der Walt, F. V., & De Klerk, J. J. (2014). Workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 379–389.
Fanggidae, R. E., Suryana, Y., & Efendi, N. (2016). Effect of a Spirituality Workplace on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 639-646.
Garg, N. (2017). Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance in Indian Context: Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment, Work Motivation and Employee Engagement. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 4(2), 191–211, DOI: 10.1177/2322093717736134.
Gong, Y. (2008). Managing cultural diversity in hospitality industry. UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (480).
Heelas, P., & Woodhead, L. (2005). The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Jayne MEA, Dipboye RL (2004) Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: research findings and recommendations for organisations. Human Resource Management 43 (4): 409-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20033.
Kirton G, Greene AM (2010) Theorizing policy approaches to equality and diversity. In: Kirton G, Greene AM (Eds) The dynamics of managing diversity. Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford, 117-140.
Lata, M., & Chaudhary, R. (2020). Dark Triad and instigated incivility: The moderating role of workplacespirituality. Personality and Individual Differences Journal, 166, 110090 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110090
Manoharana, A., & Singal, M. (2017). A systematic literature review of research on diversity and diversitymanagement in the hospitality literature. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 66, 77-91. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.07.0020278-4319
Mansi, M. (2012). The Relationship between Spirituality and Sustainable Procurement in the Australian Higher Education Sector. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis (RMIT University, Australia).
Milliman, J., Ferguson, J. J., Trickett, D., & Condemi, B. (1999). Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: An investigation of a spiritual value s-based model. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(3), 221-233.
Mousa, M. (2018). Mediating the Role of Inclusive Diversity Climate in Enhancing the Relationship Between Responsible Leadership and Organizational Commitment-A Study on Egyptian Physicians. Journal of Commerce & Management Thought, 1(9), 70-102. doi:10.5958/0976-478X.2018.00007.1
Naseer, S., Syed, F., Nauman, S., Fatima, T., Jameel, I., & Riaz, N. (2019). Understanding how leaders’ humility promotes followers’ emotions and ethical behaviors: Workplace spirituality as a mediator. The Journal of Positive Psychology,15(3), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1615103.
Folakemi, O., Adenike, A. A., Olumuyiwa, O. A., & Osibanjo, A. O.   (2018). Survey dataset on leadership styles and job satisfaction: the perspective of employees of hospitality providers. Data in Brief, 19, 2178-2188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. dib.2018.06.033.
Ohunakin, F., Adeniji, A., Ogunnaike, O. O., Igbadume, F., & Akintayo, D. I. (2019). The effects of diversity management and inclusion on organisational outcomes: a Case of Multinational Corporation. Business: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.09.
Podsiadlowski, A., Gröschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., & Van Der Zee, K.  (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 159–175.
Rathee, R., & Rajain, P. (2020). Workplace Spirituality: A Comparative Study of Various Models. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 9(1), 27-40. DOI: 10.1177/2278682120908554
Reisinger, Y. (2009). International Tourism: Culture and Behavior, ISBN 978-0-75067897-1, Elsevier Inc.درستی ناشر بررسی شود
Riach, K. (2009). Managing ‘difference’: understanding age diversity in practice. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), 319-335. doi:doi: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00096.x
Robert Bean Consulting (2010). Managing Cultural Diversity. Australian Multicultural Foundation. Retrieved from www.harmony.gov.au.
Rovinaru, M., & Rovinaru, F. (2010). Managing Cultural Diversity in International Tourism. Revista Economica. 3(50), 429-434.
Seymen, O. A. (2006). The cultural diversity phenomenon in organizations and different approaches for effective cultural diversity management: A literary review. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 13, 296–315.
Tanwar, M., & Jain, P. (2019). Workplace Spirituality – a Paradigm shift in Management Practices. International Journal in Management and Social Science, 7(2). Retrieved from http://ijmr.net.in.