Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Management, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Business, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

4 Professor, Faculty of Tourism, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

5 M.S. Candidate of Industrial Management, Department of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is identifying influential factors on the future of spiritual tourism and formulation of plausible scenario for it. From philosophical point of view, this paper is pragmatic, exploratory from target’s point of view and it’s practical. It’s a survey research in collecting data and its methodology is mixed. In this study, by studying the literature and interviewing with experts, the factors influencing the future of spiritual tourism were identified and then, using the Cross Impact analysis approach, the data was entered into the MIC MAC software and two key factors affecting the future of spiritual tourism in Qom province. It was found out that Facilitate versus Rigor and Culture policy which were selected among the eleven final effective factors. In the next step, four scenarios are presented in this study. These scenarios include Limited liberalism scenario, Liberal world Scenario, Negligence scenario and Authoritarian Spirituality scenario.

Keywords

References
Abernathy, F.H., Volpe, A., Weil, D. (2006). The future of the apparel and textile industries:
prospects and choices for public and private actors. Environment and Planning, 38, pp
2207 - 2232.

Alipour, Y., Maleki, M.H & Fathi, M.R. (2017). Determine and Prioritize Religious Tourism
Strategies in Qom Province, Quarterly Journal of Tourism, 6(22), pp. 108-87.

Ambroz, M. (2011). Tourist Origin and Spiritual Motives, Journal of Management, 16(2),
pp 71-86.

Aneja, A.P. (2004). Textile Dreamweavers. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 8(1),
pp 1-3.

Ashmos, D., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure.
Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134145.

Basic Books Publishing.

Beazley, H. (1997). Meaning and measurement of spirituality in organizational settings:
Development of a spirituality assessment scale. Ph.D. Dissertation, George
Washington University.

Benefiel, M. (2003a). Irreconcilable foes? The discourse of spirituality and the discourse of
organizational science Organization: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Organization,
Theory and Society, 10(2), 385393.

Benefiel, M. (2003b). Mapping the terrain of spirituality in organizations research. Journal
of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 367377.

Cambell, C. (2007). The easternization of the west: A thematic account of cultural change
in the modern era. Boulder, CO: Paradighm Publishers.

Checkland, P. (2000). Soft syst.ems methodology: a thirty year retrospective. Systems
Research and Behavioral Science, 17, S11 S58

Coles, R. (1991). The Spiritual Life of Children, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.

Crossman, J. (2010) Conceptualizing Spiritual Leadership in Secular Organizational
Contexts and Its Relation to Transformational, Servant and Environmental
Leadership, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(7): 596-608.
Dennis, P., Heaton, J., Schmidt-Wilk, J., Travis, F. (2004). Constructs, methods, and
measures for researching spirituality in organizations, Journal of Organizational
Change Management, 17(1), pp.62- 82.

Fathi, M.R., Maleki, M.H, Moghaddam, H. (2018). Futures Investment and Financing of
Rail Transportation Industry (Machinery and Equipment), Journal of Management
Futures Research, 29(113), pp.33-53.

Fathi, M.R., Maleki, M.H, Rezvani, V. (2018). Future Study of Investment in the Housing
Industry in Iran Using Scenario Planning Approach and Cross-Impact Matrix, Journal
of Management Futures Research, 28(111), pp.11-28.

Forniciari, C., & Lund Dean, K. (2004). Diapers to car keys: The state of spirituality, religion
and work research. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 1(1), 733.

French, A.M., Luo, X., Bose, R. (2017). Toward a holistic understanding of continued use
of social networking tourism: A mixed-methods approach. Information &
Management, 54(6), pp.802-813.

Fry, L.W. (2003), towards a theory of spiritual leadership, Leaders. Q., 14, pp.693-727.

Fry, LW. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership, The Leadership Quarterly 14, pp.
693-727.

Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences,

Gasson, S. (2013). Framing Wicked Problems in Enterprise-Systems Innovation Project
Groups . Routledge.

Greenleaf, R. (1977). Servant leadership. New York7 Paulist Press.

Gupta, M., & Bukhari, S. S. (2016). Religious tourism in Karta- a gap analysis of skill
requirements of human resources operating at various levels. IJCEM, 3(5).

Hanergraaff, W. (1996). New age religion and western culture: Esotericism in the mirror of
secular thought. E.J.Brill. Leiden.

Haq, F., Newby, L. (2009). Segmentation of the Spiritual Tourism Market, Journal of
ANZMAC.

Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., II, Hood, R. W., Jr, McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson,
D. B., et al. (2000), Conceptualizing Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality,
Points of Departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30(1), pp.51-77.

Hillary, R. (Ed.) (2000). Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment:
Business Imperatives, Greenleaf Publishing.

Hoa, M.Y. Cheunga, F. Cheung, S.F. (2010). The Role of Meaning in Life and Optimism in
Promoting Well-Being, Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), pp. 658-663.

Huang, Beijia & et al. (2016). Energy-related GHG emissions of the textile industry in
China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 119, pp.69-77.

Jahanian, M. (2017). Futures studies of Tourism with a Spirituality Perspective,

Kale , H.S., Shrivastava ,S.(2003). The enneagram system for enhancing workplace
spirituality, Journal of Management Developmen, 22(4), pp.308-328.

Karakas , Fahri., (2010). Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: A Literature
Review, Journal of Business Ethics. 94, pp.89106.

Liu, C.H. & et al. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation, The use of hybrid
MCDM models, Tourism Management 33, pp.413-426.

Luckman, T. (1996). The privatization of religion and morality. Blackwell Publishers.
London.
mentoring approach, The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), pp.391-408.
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee
work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational
Change Management, 16(4), pp.426447.

Mingers, J. (2011). Soft OR comes of agebut not everywhere!, Omega 39(6), pp.729-741.

Mitroff, I., and Denton, E. (1999), A Study of Spirituality in the Workplace. Sloan
Management Review, 40(4), pp.83-92.

Norman, A. (2011), Spiritual Tourism: Travel and Religious Practice in Western Society,
Bloomsbury Academic Publishing.

Panigrahi, S.S., Rao, N.S. (2018). A stakeholders’ perspective on barriers to adopt
sustainable practices in MSME supply chain: Issues and challenges in the textile
sector. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 22(1), pp.59-76.

Perron, G.M. (2005). Barriers to Environmental Performance Improvements in Canadian
SMEs Dalhousie University, Canada.

Pidemon, R.L, (1999), Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual
transcendence and the five factor model, Journal of personality, 67, pp.985 1013.

Purnamasaria, P. Amaliahb, I. (2015). Fraud Prevention: Relevance to Religiosity and
Spirituality in the Workplace, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, pp.827 835.

Rego, A., Pina, E., Cunha, M., Souto, S., (2007). Workplace spirituality, commitment, and
self-reported individual performance: an empirical study, emeraldinsight.com.

Ringland, G.)2012(. Scenario Planning, Managing for the Future, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
England.

Shafia, S and Sabaghpour, M. (2017). Explaining the concept of spirituality in tourism using
content analysis, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 11(35), pp. 107-
127.

Subrahmanya, M.B. (2015). Innovation and growth of engineering SMEs in Bangalore: why
do only some innovate and only some grow faster? Journal of Engineering and
Technology Management, 36, pp. 24-40.

Teylor, C (2011). Diversity of religion in our times, translated by Mostafa Malekian, Sour
press.

Thompson, J, Curran, R., DO'Gorman, K. (2017). A modern day panopticon: Using power
and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia. Tourism Management
Perspectives, 22, pp. 34-43.

Trott, D. (1996). Spiritual well-being of workers: An exploratory study of spirituality in the
workplace. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.

Vargheese, A.J., Varghees, P. (2012). Dimensions of Spiritual Tourism in Tuiticorin District
of Tamil Nadu in India - A Critical Analysis, Business Intelligence Journal.

Vincett, G., Woodhead, L. (2009). Spirituality in religion in the modern world. Routledge.
NewYork.

Wang, W., Liu, W., Mingers, J. (2015). A Systemic Method for Organizational Stakeholder
Identification and Analysis Using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). European
Journal of Operational Research, 246 (2). pp. 562-574
Weinberg, F,J., Locander, W.B.(2013). Advancing workplace spiritual development: A
dyadic
Willson, G.B., McIntosh, A.G., & Zahra, A.L. (2013). Tourism And Spirituality: A
Phenomenological Analysis, Elsevier Ltd. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, pp. 150-
168.

Young, C. and Koopsen, C. (2010). Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative
Approach, Jones & Bartlett Learning Publisher.